Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) has transformed the treatment landscape for patients suffering from severe aortic stenosis, especially those considered high-risk or unsuitable for open-heart surgery. As TAVI becomes increasingly common among younger and lower-risk patients, long-term valve performance and complications are receiving greater attention. One important complication is prosthesis–patient mismatch (PPM), a condition where the implanted heart valve is too small relative to the patient’s body size. A recent study published in Medicina explored the incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of severe PPM in patients undergoing TAVI with large aortic annuli. The findings provide valuable insights into how PPM…

For decades, muscles were primarily viewed as structures responsible for movement, posture, and physical strength. In traditional biology, they were often compared to mechanical motors that simply converted energy into motion. However, modern scientific discoveries have completely transformed this understanding. Researchers now recognize that skeletal muscles function as a highly active endocrine organ capable of influencing nearly every major system in the human body. When muscles contract during physical activity, they release hundreds of signaling molecules known as myokines. These molecules travel through the bloodstream and communicate with organs such as the brain, liver, adipose tissue, bones, heart, and immune…